Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Foreign Philology
Media ID: R30-03797 The magazine is published once a year on the territory of Ukraine and the territory outside the state border of Ukraine; free distribution of copies; language of distribution: Ukrainian, English; address at which editorial control is carried out: Blvd. Taras Shevchenko, building 14, Kyiv, 01601 Decision of the National Council of Ukraine on Television and Radio Broadcasting: No. 1089 dated March 28, 2024.
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
TRANSLATION SOLUTIONS IN THE ANIMATED FILM “ELEMENTAL”: THE ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN DIRECTION
Background. The growing popularity of animation genres and the necessity to create audiovisual translations have resulted in an increased focus on the assessment of the quality of the animated world and the efficacy of the strategies and tactics employed in conveying the lexical, semantic and cultural aspects of the source text. The animated film “Elemental”, released in 2023, provides a compelling illustration of the challenges translators may encounter when confronted with a substantial array of cultural elements and intriguing lexical and semantic units. These elements demand meticulous analysis and the formulation of innovative solutions to ensure their accurate and effective reproduction in Ukrainian. Methods. In light of the particularities of the selected topic, the research employed a comparative and lexical-semantic analysis of film texts, in addition to a functional analysis of the English-Ukrainian translation. This approach was utilized in the examination of the English-Ukrainian materials of the animated film ‘Elemental’. The pragmatic aspects of the translation were evaluated, and the modifications implemented by the translator in the target version to ensure equivalence to the original and facilitate the target audience's comprehension were identified. Results. This article is dedicated to an examination of the translation techniques employed in the adaptation of the audiovisual content of the animated film “Elemental”. A number of dominant world-forming features of the animated world were considered, among which the most striking are puns based on real-life things, the use of idioms related to the elements, metaphorical use of everyday lexical items and polysemy. It has been established that the predominant approach among translators of “Elemental” was the exploitation of semantic adaptation, with the objective of accurately reproducing the meanings and contextual nuances inherent in the original text in the target language. This was most frequently observed in instances involving character names, elements intrinsic to the source culture, puns, and allusions. The loss of the original text in the translated material is most often related to the visual component of the film text, which is not always subject to translation or subtitling in the target culture. This may include various inscriptions, names of shops or street signs, product brands, and so forth. Conclusions. It can be stated that the Ukrainian translation of the animated film “Elemental” not only conveys the atmosphere of the original work in a qualitative manner by processing visual and lexical elements, but also, through the professional use of polysemy inherent in words, conveys the context of the world in which the events take place in the speech of the characters. The qualitative work with the leading stylistic elements of the original work (both lexical and audiovisual) enabled not only an adequate translation of the peculiarities of the fantasy world of The Elements into the Ukrainian environment, but also the preservation and enhancement of the emotional and semantic load of the text through adaptation and compensation. Keywords: English-Ukrainian translation, audiovisual translation, literary translation, translation analysis, pun, idiom, adaptation
Copyright (c) 2024 Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Foreign Philology
Terminological accents in the translation studies conceptual sphere of Ilko Korunets and the development of the Ukrainian school of translation studies as a university discipline
Background. Translation studies scholar Ilko Vakulovych Korunets was a Ukrainian "word guardian" and one of the founders of the modern Ukrainian school of translation studies; he zealously opposed the "russification" of the Ukrainian language. Ilko Korunets represented the linguistic branch of Ukrainian translation studies, although he eagerly promoted and defended the interests of the Ukrainian school of literary translation. The purpose of the work is to carry out a comprehensive systematic analysis of the individual features of use as well as the essence of meanings of the basic translation terms "tochnist", "virnist", "vidpovidnist", "ekvivalentnist", "adekvatnist" including their morphological forms, in the translation studies concept sphere of Ilko Vakulovych Korunets. Methods. Our research has been carried out within the framework of descriptive translation studies and is based on retrospective-diachronic and synchronic approaches. In the article, we represent findings of a comparative-contextual study of the semantic content of the researched terms in the author's terminology system of I. Korunets as well as an intertextual-systemic analysis of their use in certain meanings, texts, and contexts. We also held a quantitative analysis of the selected terms. Results. The above-mentioned terminological units have been analyzed in the context of the individual translation studies conceptual sphere of I. Korunets as one of the founders of the modern Ukrainian school of translation studies as well as a representative and theoretician of the school of contextual-semantic translation, which deals with the generation of a sense within a text by its context. We have determined individual shades of meanings and priorities of certain terms in I. Korunets’ scientific discourse. Through a comparative and contextual study of the author's terminological system, we have looked into the extension and intension of the corresponding terms as well as their relevant characteristics assigned to them by the author. We have also highlighted the philosophy behind the translation studies conceptosphere of I. Korunets as well as Factors influencing its formation. Conclusion. The central place in the professional discourses of I. Korunets is occupied by the term "virnyi" and its morphological forms; along with the term "virnyi", the researcher actively uses the term "dostovirnyi", which he considers more accurate). The researcher considers "realistychnyi" translation to be a synonym of the term "virnyi” translation. The extension of the term "virnist" for I. Korunets includes the concept of "adekvatnist" as the highest degree of faithfulness and "ekvivalentnist" as absolute faithfulness. The intensional of the term "virnist" covers the multifaceted reproduction of the original during translation, namely denotative, connotative, substantive, pragmatic, and aesthetic components.
equivalence, correspondence, accuracy, faithfulness, sense, translation
"Word after word should be heard with both sensitivity and attention":Horace's Works in the Ukrainian Translation by Andriy Sodomora
The year 2021 brought an important achievement for Ukrainian translated literature: The Works of Quintus Horace Flaccus translated by Andriy Sodomora. This edition from the "red" series of the "Library of Ancient Literature" by the A priori Publishing House is final in several aspects.
Horace Quintus Flaccus. Odes. Epodes. Satires. Epistles
Ancient Roman literature; trranslation studies
INTERPRETATIONS OF THE POEMS "KATERYNA" AND "MY TESTAMENT" BY TARAS SHEVCHENKO IN THE TRANSLATIONS OF JOHN WEIR (IN THE PARADIGM OF ECOLOGICAL TRANSLATION)
Background. The introduction provides a brief overview of the major translations of Shevchenko's works into English and the first reviews of Shevchenko's work in foreign criticism. Methods.The method of comparative translation, historical and philological analysis, the method of quantitative calculations, as well as the ecological theory used in modern translation studies are applied. Results. The article analyzes the methodological features of the interpretation of Taras Shevchenko's original works "Kateryna" and "My Testament" on the example of John Weir's English translations; in the context of the principles of ecological translation studies, the author considers certain techniques of English poetic translation that allow achieving semantic correspondence with the original while preserving ethno-cultural information. According to Nazim Hikmet, "...there are poets of one city, one village, one nation, but there are poets of all cities, all villages, all nations". Taras Shevchenko became such a poet – a poet of all nations – for the world, and his works continue to interest and excite not only Ukrainians, but also the Western world. Conclusions. The proof of this is the fact that today Shevchenko is translated into English, the most widespread language in the world, more intensively than ever before. And each translator interprets the works of this Ukrainian genius poet in a slightly different way, depending on the peculiarities of the cultural environment in which the translator was born and works. All these peculiarities of the translator's linguistic and cultural profile in the environment of their specific culture are studied by a new field of translation studies called ecotranslatology, or ecological translation studies, within which the research for this article was conducted.
interpretation, translation, paradigm, principles of ecolinguistics, holism, dynamics, relevance, balance, ecological aesthetics
OUR EVER-RENEWING HOME OF LOVE: THE SHAKESPEARE SERMON, 23 APRIL 2023
Every year on the Sunday nearest Shakespeare's birthdate, 23rd April, crowds gather in Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon to give thanks for all that Shakespeare continues to give to the world. A 'Shakespeare Sermon' has been preached on this occasion for most years since 1879. In latter times it has been a tradition to alternate between a Shakespeare scholar and a cleric. Paul Edmondson first gave the Shakespeare sermon in 2005. He was invited to give it again (a rare honour) in 2023. The theme of the service was Anne Shakespeare, who died four hundred years ago.
Anne Shakespeare, Shakespeare Sermon, Homecoming, Zephaniah
Translation and Translation Studies in Independent Ukraine: Outcomes and Prospects
Background.The article offers a concise overview of Ukrainian translation from the era of Kyivan Rus’ until the restoration of Ukraine's independence in 1991. Methods. Descriptive and comparative, historical and translation studies, as well as the method of literary analysis are employed. Results. The article examines the main trends in the development of translation and translation studies in Ukraine since independence (1991-2022). The achievements of Ukrainian translators of fiction from classical, Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Baltic and Eastern languages, as well as translators of Ukrainian literature into foreign languages, are described. The combination of reproductive and adaptive strategies in direct and indirect translations of literary texts is noted. Particular attention is paid to the development of specialized, oral and audiovisual types of translation and the problems associated with them. The content of the published monographs on translation studies is highlighted and the range of issues that require further study is outlined. Conclusion: Translation in independent Ukraine is genre-diverse; the methodology of translation is mainly aimed at accurate and at the same time aesthetically pleasing reproduction of the content and form of the original work.
Ukraine, literary, specialized, oral, audiovisual translation, reproductive and adaptive strategies, plurality of translations, translation studies
THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF NATURE METAPHORS AS THE CORE COMPONENTS OF THE NATURE CONCEPT IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF TARAS PROKHASKO, KOSTIANTYN MOSKALETS, MARIA MATIOS
Backdround: Metaphors serve to frame a work of art, imparting it with a distinctive hue and integrating the figurative elements into a unified whole. Consequently, the interpretation of metaphorical expressions assumes a pivotal role in the analysis of a concept's conceptual features. Methods: The linguistic, literary, and translation comparative analysis methods are employed. The theory of conceptual metaphor is applied. Results: The article studies the fire, water, earth and air metaphors and their representation in the English translations of Taras Prokhasko, Kostiantyn Moskalets and Maria Matios. The English translations are masterfully done by Olha Rudakevych, Uilleam Blacker, Mark Andryczyk and Yaryna Yakubyak, Paulo Onyfruk, Yuri Tkacz. We single out the nucleus NATURE concept, because the works of Taras Prokhasko, Kostiantyn Moskalets and Maria Matios brim over with natural elements and natural phenomena. Moreover, the NATURE concept runs skin-deep and is an archetype which is intrinsic in human consciousness. The NATURE concept has a multi-branched component structure that encompasses conceptual features and finds its way into translation. When translating the concept NATURE, where the fire element is abundant and bright, translators mostly reflect metaphors by means of remetaphorization, i.e. by selecting a metaphorical equivalent in the target language, descriptive translation, sometimes with the loss of the metaphor's semantic content. The conceptual feature "water" is reflected through the prism of a metaphor in translation by the technique of remetaphorization, the use of addition and descriptive translation. A frequently used technique in the transmission of metaphors denoting the conceptual feature of "earth" is the technique of remetaphorization, and metaphors related to the conceptual feature of "air" are mostly also reproduced by the technique of remetaphorization and descriptive translation. Conclusion: In the light of translation studies, the concept is a guide to another culture which allows you to delineate the unique features and some distinctive points of the author’s original text and thereby accustom them to the reader’s everyday routine. Through the concept study and that of the conceptual world picture, the translator channels his/her thoughts, reasoning, and cultural markers to his/her own language which is a foundation for intercultural communication and a building block for the extra-linguistic factors of translation studies. With that in mind, we analyze the methods used to translate the novels, its influence on the reader and pinpoint how the fire, water, earth and air metaphors are conspicuous in the text.
concept, translation, metaphor, fire, water, earth, air
Shakespear’s Birthday Celebrations In Stratford-upon-Avon: HISTORY, TRADITION, CONTEMPORANEITY
Background. The idea of this publication is based on the author's personal experience of participating in Shakespear’s Birthday Celebrations 2023 in Stratford-upon-Avon and is determined by the need for interdisciplinary analysis and dissemination of the experience of modelling public memory about a national genius whose scale of greatness transcends geographical and chronological boundaries. This shapes the peculiar form of the author’s narrative, with publicists and analytical components interacting, and the essayistic passages are accompanied by historical and literary excursuses. The article aims to comprehend the role of the tradition of the annual Shakespeare Celebrations as a ritual communication, which is a way of organizing, supporting and transmitting cultural memory. In the process of Shakespeare's commemoration, which, in fact, began with the installing the tombstone and the monument in Holy Trinity Church and the publication of the First Folio (1623), a rather extensive list of forms of honouring the great poet was developed; moreover, a field of collective memories shared by the global cultural community has been created. The relevance of the article is determined by the fact that the unique Stratford experience is of undeniable interest both in theoretical and pragmatic aspects, because commemorative practices are always correlated not only with history in its traditional sense (systematic knowledge of the past), but also with shaping identities. Methods. Analytical reflection, historical and literary excursions, interdisciplinary studies on the phenomenon of memory (W. Ernst, P. Nora, A. Assman) and cultural identity (E. D. Smith, M. Dobson, P. Redman). Results.The author of the article singles out two major strategies for forming shared ideas about the artist's image. The first one is intuitive-suggestive, which is based on writing and actualizes the broad possibilities of constructing an implicit author. The second one is rational-pragmatic, which tends to fix the traces of the biographical author's presence in the space of real history, their intellectual and logical arrangement into a coherent narrative of memories. Conclusions.What is unique about the Stratford Celebrations is that within them, these two approaches complement, feed and reinforce each other. Every aspect of the Shakespeare festival ( academic symposia, new book issues presentations, topical museum exhibitions, parade to lay the flowers on the poet’s grave, Shakespere Birthday Luncheon with Pregnell Prize award, the Shakespeare Service in Holy Trinity Church) is organically woven into a coherent fabric of ritual communication which organizes, supports and transmits cultural memory of William Shakespeare. At the same time, the presence of such diverse components allows the organizers (Shakespear’s Birthplace Trust, the Town Hall, the Shakespeare Institute at the University of Birmingham, Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Pregnell Award Committee) to use the cognitive, symbolic, axiological and aesthetic resources of all three memory sources (place, image, text). A key role in the Stratford celebrations is played by Holy Trinity Church being a living place of eternal remembrance and sacred place of William Shakespeare memories.
Shakespeare, celebration, jubilee, commemoration, ritual communication, collective memories
CZECHOSLOVAK NORMALISATION VS. CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL MEDIA: IDENTIFYING THE IDEOLOGICAL DISCOURSE MARKERS
Background. Czechoslovakia belonged among the countries that fell into the sphere of the Soviet influence in the wake of WW2. In the Eastern Bloc, all aspects of public life were controlled by state institutions, including literature and publishing. This paper consists of two parts. Firstly, it presents research dealing with the literary paratexts pertaining to fiction translated from English into Slovak and published during the normalisation period. The goal was to explore the ideological discourse in the selected material and identify Soviet propaganda. Secondly, it explains how the same methodology can be used to identify contemporary Russian propaganda on the Internet. Methods. This paper combines translation historiography and material research. In the first part, discourse analysis was performed on 100 samples of paratexts. The method of analysing ideological discourse markers is subsequently transposed to a new context, i.e., contemporary propaganda on the Slovak social media with the purpose to illustrate how current Russian propaganda affects not only the virtual environment, but also physical reality in Slovakia. Results. The presence of ideological markers in the normalisation paratexts peaked in 1977, which correlates with Charter 77, an informal civic initiative against normalisation practices. The results of the second part of the presented research show that contemporary Russia successfully uses the same persuasion techniques as during the existence of the Soviet Union. The content found in the samples can be easily traced back to the “alternative” media outlets, some of them demonstrably funded by Russia. However, in the online era, dissemination of false information and propaganda is much faster, which poses a global security risk for democracy and human rights. Conclusions. As the Globsec survey (Szekers 2021) has shown, Slovakia is the most vulnerable EU country when it comes to falling for disinformation. The presented method of ideological discourse marker analysis could be helpful in terms of propaganda identification. The Internet requires a completely new skillset to sift through the vast amount of information that may or may not be credible.
translation historiography; normalisation; paratext; social media; ideology; propaganda
SPECIFICITY AND FUNCTIONS OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE DISCOURSE IN “A CRAZY GREEK” THOMAS NASHE’S PROSE
B a c k g r o u n d. The article explores the specificity of the Latin language discourse functioning in the works of the Elizabethan writer Thomas Nashe (1567-1601?) The novel “The Unfortunate Traveller” (1593) and the pamphlet “Pierce Penniless” became here the subject of research as Nashe quotes Ovid most often in them. Classical humanitarian education at Saint Jones college, sincere interest in ancient literature and culture, brilliant knowledge of Latin stimulated the usage of Latin expressions in his works, and also, these factors made it possible to determine the peculiarities of the Latin language discourse in Th. Nashe’s satirical fiction. M e t h o d s. Different methods were used to determine the specificity of the Latin discourse in the two works of Th. Nashe. Analytical, synthetic, and cultural historical methods were prioritized for the literary and critical understanding of texts. Textological, stylistic, biographical and interpretive research methods were chosen for the analysis. R e s u l t s. The author of the article came to the conclusion that his favorite classic writer was Ovid as sentences from his “Amores” enrich the texts of most English writer’s works. The usage of Latin quoting clearly indicates erudition, encyclopedic knowledge and inexhaustible creative energy of one of the most intelligent “university wits” Th. Nashe. However, the main goal of this article was to establish the functionality of Ovid’s words. C o n c l u s I o n s. The analysis of several fragments from the novel and the pamphlet allowed to state that Latin-language Ovid’s maxims underwent changes in the satirical context of the Elizabethan writer’s works. As a result. They lose the emotional and pragmatic meaning inherent in the original text and begin to play the role of an intensifier of the English author’s satirical imperatives.
the Latin language discourse, Thomas Nashe, Ovid, “The Unfortunate Traveller”, “Pierce Penniless”, satirical poetics
THE MAGIC OF DYLAN THOMAS' POETIC SYMPHONIES AND TRANSLATION-ORCHESTRATING
Background.The article focuses on the poetic structure of three poems by the Welsh-English-speaking poet Dylan Thomas and the possibility of their reproduction in Ukrainian verse translation. Methods.The melody of Thomas's poems "Clown and The Moon", "Light Breaks Where No Sun Shines", and "The Conversation of Prayer" is analyzed in detail. Thanks to the skillful construction, these works have a distinct, unique mood atmosphere. Results. The author of the article self-analyzes her own translation of these outstanding poems of Thomas, written in different periods, the Ukrainian renditions of which have not yet been published for the general public. All three analyzed poems, like Thomas' works in general, are united by the theme of love, struggle for light and the great gift of life symbolized by it. The line-by-line strophic analysis of the selected poems reveals not only the complex rhythmic-sound construction of these works, but also the multifaceted content-thematic structure. Each of the analyzed poems-metaphors is interpreted and, accordingly, translated in the inseparable unity of its two plans: spiritual-ideal and sensual-material, adhering to the versification structure of the original works. Conclusion.The discussion in the article proves that their symbolism is built on the interweaving and interaction of antithetical images and concepts. This symbolism relies on sound echoes, which cannot all be translated in each and every detail. The sound reverberation in Thomas's poems is far from being exhausted by rhymes (inline alliteration, assonances and dissonances are also added to them). The vital energy of Thomas's poetic language, capable of raising the human spirit to cosmic heights, affirms the value of life even in moments of sadness, because in life there is human warmth, care for loved ones, the light of hope and love. Deeply traumatized and unprotected from the barrage of negative information, the consciousness of our contemporaries today needs therapy with the works of Dylan Thomas more than the contemporaries of the poet himself needed it.
versification and content-thematic structure, poem-metaphor, antithetical images and concepts, alliteration, assonance, and dissonance
"HAMNET" BY MAGGIE O'FARRELL. TRANSLATOR'S CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES
Introduction. The research focuses on Maggie O'Farrell's novel Hamnet (2020) and its Ukrainian translation, which was published by "Vivat" publishing house in 2023. The paper provides an overview of the novel's critical reception along with the reasons for its popularity. Methods. The combination of the biographical dominants of the writer with the paradigmatic features of her heroines, the determination of the principles of the poetics of the novel, which influence the choice of translation strategies, leads to the complex use of the biographical method with the principles of feminist criticism, the analysis of folklore and mythological motifs, and their application in translation studies analysis. Results. The novel's originality is regarded in the context of quasi-biographical prose based on the author's conclusions. Maggie O'Farrell's vision of the connection between the name of Shakespeare's son, who died in childhood, and his tragedy Hamlet is discussed. It is suggested that the author's fresh look at the creative and social biography of William Shakespeare (his first Stratford period) is conditioned by the peculiarities of her worldview. The paper emphasizes that Maggie O'Farrell, by depicting marginalized characters, whose roles have been overlooked by critics, makes a fundamental step in restoring psychological justice. The poetics of the novel is considered from the perspective of the translator's work specifics. In particular, the paperer notes the role of the narrative tense in the atmosphere of the novel and in the sharpening of the reader's perception, opposition, and interaction between the worlds of nature and civilization. A parallel is drawn with the motif of a human and a fairy marriage presented through the perspectives of personal freedom, components of creativity and spiritual development. Maggie O'Farrell's approach to characters' names and the translator's strategy in working with names are analyzed. The (non)use of the translator's notes and strategies for rendering historical realia is argued. Conclusions. The paper proposes prospects for further research of Maggie O'Farrell's novel, in particular, the peculiarity of the novel's multi-level intertextual interaction with Shakespeare's texts, the significance of the complex of plant symbolism and subtexts, and the comparison of translation approaches. The conclusion emphasizes the role of the creative word for grief coping and victory over death. The paper suggests the perspectives on further study of the novel as a sample of quasi-biographical and feminist prose, psychological and translation studies. The practical value of the work results lies in the possibility of their use for translation studies courses, the study of feminist literature and women's writing. Conclusions about the influence of the environment on the formation of a creative personality can be applied during the modelling of psychological courses.
Maggie O'Farrell, Hamnet, William Shakespeare, quasi-biographical prose, feminist studies, translation studies
THE INTERPRETER’S TALENT AND SCHOOLING (SOME OBSERVATIONS OF A MILITARY TRANSLATOR)
Background. An interpreter shares his impressions and experience of helping to train Ukrainian soldiers in British military camps. Results. The author considers the factors that facilitate military interpretation and those that complicate it. In particular, he names among the former the specific objectivity, or subject concreteness of training, the systematic nature of terminology, and the integrity of terminology systems, and he mentions among the latter dialect (non-standard) pronunciation and territorial variation of the English language. Postulating the idea that even a lightning-fast translation remains a comprehension of the original, the article touches upon the problem of the speed of oral re-expression, and regards the correlation in the translation process between the skill of automatic substitution and the need for analysis and explanation of the speaker's statements by the go-between, who is enabled to control the degree of understanding of the parties by clarifying the meaning of what the speaker has said and by finding out whether the listeners understand the translation version and in what way. Discussion and conclusions. The author provides examples of the replenishment of Ukrainian military terminology with anglicisms, including abbreviations, assessing and summarizing the tendencies of neologization of the professional lexicon through borrowings. He draws attention to the need to harmonize the pronunciation (and hence the spelling) of a term in translation and discusses the terms, not infrequent, that combine logical components of meaning with figurative and emotional ones. He emphasizes the importance of a professional level of pronunciation, diction, voice and hearing for an interpreter. These qualities of the trade, in view of the researcher, are unfairly underestimated in university programs and time-tables. The fact that many of the best military interpreters are unqualified but motivated civilian self-taught individuals leads the author to believe that the talent of an interpreter is formed and manifested in early childhood along with other basic language skills, including the ability to re-express oneself within the mother tongue, the richness of which is recognized to be a measure of intelligence. Keywords: military interpreting, training of soldiers, terminology, language varieties, hearing, voice.
military interpreting, training of soldiers, terminology, language varieties, hearing, voice
DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS' COMPETENCE IN ENGLISH PHILOLOGY AND TRANSLATION
Background. Ensuring quality education is recognized as a strategically important task, especially with the strengthened requirements in the job market. Key factors in assessing the quality of education include learning outcomes and the learners’ level of competence. Emphasis is placed on the importance of specific educational and professional programs for achieving this goal, particularly in the context of philology with a translation component. Methods. Analysis and self-analysis methods were employed to study and assess the effectiveness of educational and professional programs. Special attention was given to how academic courses, particularly of academic writing and editing, affect developing necessary knowledge and skills for successful professional activities. It has been emphasized that academic programs in philology, including translation, contribute to acquiring essential philological knowledge and translator skills as well as prepare learners for professional activities in other philological areas, including foreign language teaching. Results. The study has proved that multifaceted professional communicative competence is a key aspect of successful training for philology learners. The requirements for this competence involve the ability to use lexical, grammatical, semantic, stylistic, and cultural elements according to the reference situation in both oral and written forms of communication. Translation knowledge is crucial not only in applied translation studies but also for understanding ways to avoid interference problems in learning and using foreign languages. Conclusions. The analytical research highlights the necessity of a comprehensive competency-based approach to teaching in the field of philology and translation. Educational and professional programs should create optimal conditions for developing essential knowledge and skills and thus improving professionally oriented competencies. This approach helps learners effectively navigate specialization choices, become professionals, and successfully work as translators, interpreters, and multicompetent linguists in various professional settings of using foreign and native languages.
philological competence, academic writing, editing, translation technique, interference, translation competence
Shakespeare as Resistance in the 21st-century Ukraine: Interview of Olha Kvasnytsia, journalist of the newspaper "The Day" with Nicoleta Cinpoes, an ESRA Board member
Since the beginning of the full-scale invasion of russia, the members of European Shakespeare Research Association (ESRA) have always been in a close contact with Ukrainian academic circles and, especially Shakespeare scholars, providing financial support to the Ukrainian military (in particular, through the volunteer group "Shakespeare"), joining numerous projects of the Ukrainian Shakespeare Center, initiating various events that demonstrate solidarity of the European scientific community with the Ukrainian people. One of these events was the Shakespearean round table held at the initiative of Professor Nicoleta Cinpoes (University of Worcester, Great Britain) and Doctor Imke Lichterfeld (University of Bonn, Germany) during the biannual ESRA conference (July, 2023). The set of important issues related to specific perspectives on aid to Ukraine at various levels during the war (such as expansion of the space of people's and cultural diplomacy, academic and scientific cooperation, donations for the purchase of medicines for the front, intellectual volunteering etc.) had been discussed and some fruitful solutions were elaborated. During the months of the war, several forms of intellectual volunteering introduced by European and American Shakespeareans proved to be successful. The joint British-Ukrainian-Bulgarian project «Flute’s Heartbeat in tune with Ukraine» (M. Dergach, 2022) was one of the most impressive among them. Some European Shakespeare scholars (Professor Michael Dobson, Doctor Kelly Hunter, Professor Boika Sokolova, Professor Nicoleta Cinpoes and others) delivered lectures to the Ukrainian students, took an active part in the events of the annual "Shakespeare Days in Ukraine", in All-Ukrainian Shakespeare contest of student research and creative projects named after Vitaly Keis. The Ukrainian scholars were invited to Western Europe to talk about the necessity of decolonizing knowledge about Ukrainian Shakespeareana (Torkut N, 2023) and form an adequate reception of the russian-Ukrainian war. The purpose of this publication is to highlight the intellectual and cultural activities of Professor Nicoleta Cinpoes (the University of Worcester), who is one of the powerful promoters of European support for Ukraine. Back in the spring of 2022, she intensified ESRA's constructive communication with Ukrainian Shakespeare scholars and theatre practitioners. And in May 2023, at the invitation of the Ukrainian Shakespeare Center, she came to Ukraine with a series of lectures, attended several Shakespeare performances, and initiated the cooperation of the European Shakespeare Festival Network with the Ivano-Frankivsk National Academic Drama Theater named after Ivan Franko. This is what Olha Kvasnytsia, the journalist of the newspaper "Den", PhD in social communications discusses in the interview with Professor Nicoleta Cinpoes.
Shakespeare, Hamlet, war, theater, Ukrainian Interuniversity Shakespeare Center, intellectual volunteering, academic cooperation
Background. The form of a poetic work is the method and means of organizing a poetic text, which are an essential component of poetry and which must be comprehensively and completely reconstructed in translation. The aim of the work was to develop the structure of the synsemantic image of a poetic work, with the help of which the translator will be able to carry out a full-fledged analysis of the original poem and ensure its adequate translation.Methods. The following methods are used in the work: systematic and structural analysis of a poetic work and its translation, including semantic, stylistic, rhythmic-intonational, logical-syntactic and other types of analysis (for the study of images, their functions and interaction within the macro-image structure of a poetic work and on its image levels); explanatory, descriptive and compilative with elements of semantic and stylistic analysis and the use of formalized schemes (to devise a translation scheme of the synsemantic image structure). Results. The paper outlines some aspects of the study of the poetic form as a system of images that create the synsemantic image level of a poetic work, taking into account its interpretation, pre-translational analysis and translation; the concept of synsemantic image is substantiated; a poetic work is interpreted as a macro-image structural formation consisting of systems of autosemantic, synsemantic and subsemantic images the adequate reproduction of which reflects the unity of the content and form of the original work in translation; the synsemantic image level of a poetic work is qualified as a component of its macro-image structure that is subject to mandatory reproduction in translation; mechanisms of creation of synsemantic imagery and its reproduction in translation are shown; a number of concepts that are indicators of a full-fledged translation are proposed to be introduced into the scientific circulation of translation studies, in particular, precise and relative-proportional equilinearity, etc. Compositional, graphic, rhythmic-intonational and euphonic means of organization of poetic speech are defined as the basis of synsemantic images, which can acquire appropriate meanings directly in poetic discourse and enter into the system of dominant images of the poem. Conclusions. The dominant images of a poetic work can include sound, intonation-rhythmic image components of a poem, as well as graphic and syntactic ones and all of them require a functional approach during translation. To achieve an adequate translation, it is most important to find out during the pre-translation analysis what expressive or semantic function and in what way the synsemantic image performs, and whether it is included in the image dominants of the poetic work in order to reproduce it taking into account the significance of the poem image hierarchy.
form components of a poem, synsemantic image, macro-image of a poetic work, rhythm, rhyme, sound, precise and proportional equilinearity, poetic translation
SHAPING MODERN UKRAINIAN IDENTITY: DEMIURGIC ACTIVITIES OF UKRAINIAN WRITERS
Background. The creative activity of Ukrainian word artists was an important component of the creation of Ukrainian national identity during the 20th and early 21st centuries. The g o a l of this article is to investigate the dynamics and main stimuli of the creative efforts of Ukrainian cultural figures in its connection with socio-political development (especially in part of the national identity formation process) of Ukraine before and after 1991. M e t h o d s. The following methods were used: content- and discourse analysis, historical-comparative analysis. R e s u l t s. Due to Ukraine's long stay as a part of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires, the Ukrainian language factor acquired exceptional importance for the formation of Ukrainian identity. No less significant was the existence of Ukrainian and Ukrainian-language translated literature as a basis for the creation of a full-blooded Ukrainian spiritual and intellectual space, without which the formation of a sovereign nation is impossible. The creativity of Ukrainian artists after 1991 is considered as a reminiscence of the demiurgic efforts of the Ukrainian revival of the 20s and 30s of the XX century. Both periods became exceptionally productive thanks to the personal efforts of Ukrainian artists, aimed at overcoming the "lethargic state" of Ukrainian culture in pre-revolutionary times (before 1917) and during the years of the Soviet regime after the short revival. The article examines those directions of Ukrainian cultural development that ensured the vitality and fruitfulness of Ukrainian culture through the destruction of taboos imposed from the outside, prescriptions of an alien cultural canon and ideological teachings; introduction of author's language innovations in artistic and translated texts; translation of works of a wide variety of genres and styles. In the same context, the importance of the work of diaspora artists is emphasized. Special attention is paid to the activities of foreign creators, whose work enriched Ukrainian cultural oecumen with the best intellectual achievements of world importance; as well as those creators who made the Ukrainian cultural product accessible to a foreign audience through the creation of anthologies, including bilingual ones. The peculiarities of the demiurgic activity of modern Ukrainian artists in wartime after the beginning of Russia's large-scale military aggression against Ukraine are also taken under considertion. C o n c l u s i o n. The socio-political processes of the country an influential factor and a stimulus for the individual creative activity of Ukrainian writers, cultural figures and intellectuals. The nature of their creative activity closely correlates with the process of formation of Ukrainian national identity.
demiurge, creative activity, creator, Ukrainian national identity, Ukrainian culture, Ukrainian literature, Ukrainian diaspora
THE END OF THE EMPIRE: UKRAINIAN LITERARY TRANSLATIONS FROM RUSSIAN AS AN ARTIFACT
Background. The article discusses Ukrainian translations from Russian over the past hundred years (from the early 1920s to the early 2020s) from a postcolonial perspective. Methods. The methodological basis of the article is the theory of postcolonial studies (through the prism of which Yuri Lotman's theory of the dialogue of cultures is critically revised) and the methods of descriptive translation studies. Results. The stages and periods of Russian-Ukrainian translation from 1917 to the present are identified and described. From the formation of soviet translation school with the leading role of poetry translation in 1917–1926, to the increase in the number of translations of Russian prose, in particular multi-volume editions, in 1927–1932, and the establishment of a philologically accurate translation focused on the style of the source text, through the period of ideologization of translation norms, changes in the method of translation (reorientation to the reader) and retranslations in 1933–1945, to mass editions of Russian classics and the spread of "edited translations" (1945 – mid-1950s) and further to the condemnation of indirect translation and literalism in translations from or through Russian and resistance to Russification from the mid-1950s to 1972 to the period of translations of mainly contemporary Russian authors, in particular, "rural" and "lieutenant's prose" from 1972 to 1991, to the reduction of the number of translations of Russian literature and mass publications of translations into Russian in Ukraine in 1991–1999, to the distancing of the Ukrainian book market from the Russian one in 1999–2014, and finally, to the closure of the "common information space" with Russia in 2014–2022. The paper proposes a periodization and examines the features of different stages of Russian-Ukrainian translation. Demonstrating the dramatic conflicts of Russian-Ukrainian coexistence within the "common cultural space," the role and significance of Russian-Ukrainian translation as a factor of cultural interaction and conflict is analyzed and evaluated. Conclusion. This study proves that Ukrainian literary translations from Russian during the Soviet era were largely modeled by the Kremlin's imperial ambitions, although, in addition to the dark sides, Ukrainian translations from Russian had a bright side, including translations of Russian poetry (especially the poetry of the "silver age") by neoclassical scholars, philologically accurate translations of the collected works of Gogol and Chekhov, and other achievements of the Ukrainian translation school that emerged in the late 1920s and early 1930s and was theoretically grounded accordingly. At the same time, the Soviet cultural space was being established through the Russian language and translations from Russian, which was deliberately isolated from the world cultural space and was supposed to replace it, contributing to the Russification of the Ukrainian language and the provincialization of Ukrainian literature.
colonizing translation, common cultural space, literary translation, Russian-Ukrainian translation, Russification
UKRAINIAN LITERARY TRANSLATIONS FROM RUSSIAN